Merge branch 'gnu-linux' into 'develop'

Gnu linux MWP

See merge request R3/school/courses!70

2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/slides/index.md

-# Presentation Title
+# Introduction to GNU/Linux (Shell) 
 
-## Month XYth, 2019
+## 26 March 2020
 
 <div style="top: 6em; left: 0%; position: absolute;">
     <img src="theme/img/lcsb_bg.png">

2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/slides/intro_aim.md

 # Aims of the Tutorial
-  
-* Connect to a GNU/Linux server
-  + SSH, a de-facto standard for secure communication
-  
-  <!-- .element: class="fragment" -->
-  + For Windows users
-	- [MobaXterm][1] (_recommended by R3_)
-	- [PuTTY][2], simple, ugly, but efficient and open source and does only SSH
 
+* Gain Familiarity With the Unix Shell
+  - And hint at ways it can be harnessed to give great power to the
+    user
 
-  <!-- .element: class="fragment" -->
-  + For Mac and GNU/Linux users, OpenSSH command line client
-  
-  <!-- .element: class="fragment" -->
-	
 <!-- .element: class="fragment" -->
 
-* Explore how to use the shell effectively
-  * We will use bash which is (almost) universaly present
-    - Steve Jobs did not like the license, but ...
-	  ```shell
-	  brew install bash
-	  ```
-     
-	<!-- .element: class="fragment" -->
-
-  <!-- .element: class="fragment" -->
-
+* Connect to a GNU/Linux server
+  + Using SSH, a de-facto standard for secure communication
+	
 <!-- .element: class="fragment" -->
-
-[1]: https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html
-[2]: https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html
+<!-- <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/A-HIlNGczgU" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> -->

2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/slides/intro_beforewebegin.md

-# Before We Begin ...
+# Or, the Beginning of One?
 
 * Learning GNU/Linux has never been easier!
   + An explosion of [resources for self-study][1]
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 <!-- .element: class="fragment" -->
   
   
-[1]: https://git-r3lab.uni.lu/R3/school/courses/blob/gnu-linux/2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/resources.md
+[1]: https://git-r3lab.uni.lu/R3/school/courses/blob/develop/2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/resources.md
 [2]: https://duckduckgo.com
 [3]: https://unix.stackexchange.com/
 [4]: https://www.reddit.com/r/linux/

2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/slides/intro_first.md

@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@
   
   <!-- .element: class="fragment" -->
   + GNU/Linux user since [Debian Woody][5] (ca 2002)
-	+ Arrived as a seven CD set from a small computer shop from the [Getting Debian][6]
+	+ Arrived as a seven CD set from a small computer shop from the
+      list of international vendors at [Getting Debian][6]
 	
   <!-- .element: class="fragment" -->
 

2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/slides/last.md

+# The End
+
+* Thanks for your attention!

2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/slides/list.json

 [
     { "filename" : "index.md" },
     { "filename" : "intro_first.md"},
+    { "filename" : "the-end.md"},
     { "filename" : "intro_beforewebegin.md"},
     { "filename" : "intro_aim.md"},
+    { "filename" : "shell.md"},
+    { "filename" : "shell/start.md"},
+    { "filename" : "shell/file-explorer-basic.md"},
+    { "filename" : "shell/file-explorer-basic-concepts.md"},
+    { "filename" : "shell/effective-cmd-editing.md"},
+    { "filename" : "shell/effective-cmd-editing-concepts.md"},
+    { "filename" : "shell/cp-mv.md"},
+    { "filename" : "shell/rm.md"},
+    { "filename" : "shell/cp-mv-rm-concepts.md"},
     { "filename" : "ssh_intro.md"},
     { "filename" : "ssh_intro_2.md"},
     { "filename" : "ssh_intro_3.md"},
@@ -16,5 +26,6 @@
     { "filename" : "ex_ssh_win/ssh_keygen.md"},
     { "filename" : "ex_ssh_lin/intro.md"},
     { "filename" : "ex_ssh_lin/session_shell.md"},
-    { "filename" : "ex_ssh_lin/session_shell_2.md"}
+    { "filename" : "ex_ssh_lin/session_shell_2.md"},
+    { "filename" : "last.md"}
 ]

2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/slides/shell.md

+# The Barrier between the Human and the Machine
+<div class="multicol">
+
+<div class="col" data-markdown>
+
+* What is a shell?
+  - Omnipresent user interface
+  
+  <!-- .element: class="fragment"  -->
+  - It interprets commands given by the user
+  
+  <!-- .element: class="fragment"  -->
+  - It is heavily keyboard based
+  
+  <!-- .element: class="fragment"  -->
+
+<!-- .element: class="fragment"  -->
+
+* Shell runs within a terminal application
+	- In ancient times, these were actual pieces of hardware
+	
+	<!-- .element: class="fragment"  -->
+	- Today, a program that echoes user input and displays command results
+	  
+	<!-- .element: class="fragment"  -->
+
+<!-- .element: class="fragment" -->
+	  
+* How to access it?
+  - **GNU/Linux systems:**
+    - Depends on the desktop interface (of which there are many)
+	- Access from a `Start`-like menu, or a `Win`-key search as
+      *terminal*, or *console*
+	- if all else fails, `Ctrl` + `Alt` + `F[2-6]`
+	
+  <!-- .element: class="fragment"  -->
+  - **Windows:** [MobaXterm][1] which you hopefully installed
+  
+  <!-- .element: class="fragment"  -->
+  - **Mac:** Built-in terminal; *Spotlight* search for *terminal*
+  
+  <!-- .element: class="fragment"  -->
+	
+<!-- .element: class="fragment" -->
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="col" data-markdown>
+
+<img src="variae/figs/shell/3270.jpg" width="90%" />
+
+<!-- .element: class="fragment"  -->
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+[terminal]: variae/figs/shell/3270.jpg "IBM 3270"
+
+[1]: https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html
+

2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/slides/shell/cp-mv-rm-concepts.md

+# File Explorer: Copy(cp), Move(mv) and Remove(rm) (Concepts)
+
+* cp, mv and rm can act on either files, or directories
+  ```shell
+	  cp file1 file2
+	  mv file1 file2
+	  
+	  cp -R dir1 new/location
+	  mv dir1 new/location
+	  
+	  cp file1 file2 ... some/existing/dir
+	  mv file1 file2 ... some/existing/dir
+	  
+	  rm file1 ...
+	  rm -R dir
+	  rm -Rf dir # Danger!
+  ```
+  
+* Effectiveness of these commands greatly improved by file patterns
+  - *, ., [0-9],[ABC], {}, etc

2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/slides/shell/cp-mv.md

+# File Explorer: Copy(cp), Move(mv) and Remove(rm) File Operations
+
+```console
+$ mkdir linux-practical-03
+$ cp linux-practical-01/pr1-hello-world.txt linux-practical-03/pr3-hello-world.txt #    cp arg1 arg2: copy file arg1 to file arg2
+$ mkdir linux-practical-03/dump
+$ cp -R linux-practical-01 linux-practical-03/dump # Copy the entire content of linux-practical-01 
+$                                                  # to dump subdirectory of linux-practical-03
+$ ls linux-practical-03/dump    # Check if linux-practical-01 is there.
+$ # Move one up in history, jump to the beginning of the line ('Ctrl'+'A'), then
+$ # replace 'ls' with 'mv'
+$ # From then on ...
+$ mv linux-practical-03/dump linux-practical-03/dump2 # Congratulations, you just renamed dump to dump2.
+$ ls linux-practical-03    # Check the content. The directory dump should not exist.
+
+```

2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/slides/shell/effective-cmd-editing-concepts.md

+# File Explorer: Effective Command Line Editing (Concepts)
+
+* Moving using arrow keys is tedious
+
+* Retyping commands that contain a typo is even more tedious
+
+* *Readline* facility of the bash shell offers quicker navigation
+  - Move by a word left and right using `Ctrl`+`Left`, or `Right`
+  - Move to a beginning, or the end of the line using `Ctrl`+`A` and `Ctrl`+`E`
+  - Delete an entire word using `Alt`+`D`
+  - Paste a deleted word with `Ctrl`+`Y`
+
+* Reuse previous commands!
+  - The shell remembers what you type
+  - Move to a previous line in history using `Up` and `Down` arrows

2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/slides/shell/effective-cmd-editing.md

+# File Explorer: Effective Command Line Editing
+
+```console
+$ # Move up the history list until 'mkdir linux-practical-01'.
+$ # Move cursor using word motions 'Ctrl' + 'Left', or 
+$ # 'Ctrl' + 'Right' around the command to get the feel for word motions.
+$ # Move cursor using begin ('Ctrl' + 'A') and end ('Ctrl' + 'E') 
+$ # motions to the beginning and the end of the line.
+$ mkdir linux-practical-02    # Based on the previous command + motions.
+$ cd lin    # TAB to complete, then TAB two times to list possible endings.
+$ cd linux-practical-02    # Based on the previous completion.
+$ # Move up the history list to mkdir subdir-01
+$ mkdir subdir-02
+$ # Move up the history to the touch subdir-01/a ... command.
+$ # Replace 1 with 2 using 'Ctrl' + 'A' and word motions.
+$ touch subdir-02/a subdir-02/b subdir-02/c
+$ history 10 # Lists last ten commands.
+$ cd
+```
+<!-- * Motions -->
+<!--   - `Left` and `Right` arrow move one character left, or right -->
+<!--   - `Ctrl` + `Left`, or `Right` move left, or right for one word -->
+<!--   - `Ctrl` + `A`, or `E` move to the beginning, or the end of the line -->
+<!--   - `Up` and `Down` move through history entries -->
+<!--   - `TAB` completes -->

2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/slides/shell/file-explorer-basic-concepts.md

+# File Explorer: Basics (Concepts)
+
+* While interacting with a shell, we are always in a given *working directory*
+* Data is organised into directories and files, like on other systems.
+* Location of a file in respect to the current directory is given by a (*relative*) file path
+  - some/dir/with/a/file
+
+* New commands:
+  - `pwd` : outputs the current working directory
+  - `ls [-lhd ... file1 file2 file3 ...]` : lists files 
+  - `cd path/to/existing/dir` : change current directory to a new directory
+  - `mkdir [-p] path/to/new/dir` : creates a new directory
+  - `touch file1 [file2 file3  ...]` : creates an empty file.
+  - `history` : view the list of commands executed so far 

2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/slides/shell/file-explorer-basic.md

+# File Explorer: Basics
+```console
+$ pwd    # Displays the absolute path to the current dirrectory.
+$ ls     # List contents of the current directory.
+$ mkdir linux-practical-01    # Create a new directory.
+$ cd linux-practical-01    # Switch to a different directory.
+$ touch pr1-hello-world.txt     # Create a new and empty file.
+$ mkdir subdir-01 # Create another directory.
+$ touch subdir-01/a subdir-01/b subdir-01/c    # Create multiple empty files.
+$ ls subdir-01    # List contents of directory.
+$ mkdir -p subdir-02/dir-X/dir-Y/dir-Z    # Create a nested directory under the path.
+$ ls subdir-02/dir-X # Confirm the directory dir-Y has been created.
+$ history    # Lists the commands executed so far.
+$ cd
+```
+
+<!-- * Concepts -->
+<!--   - Files and directories -->
+<!--   - Paths -->
+<!--   - Importance of quoting -->
+<!--   - History -->

2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/slides/shell/rm.md

+# File Explorer: Copy(cp), Move(mv) and Remove(rm) File Operations
+
+* Removing files and directories.
+
+```console
+$ rm linux-practical-03/pr3-hello-world.txt # Deletes the file.
+$ # History, one up then adapt the command into
+$ cd linux-practical-03
+$ ls    # Check if it is indeed deleted.
+$ rm -R dump2   # Recursively remove directory dump2 and all of its contents.
+$ history 10 # Just to remind yourself what you did in last ten steps.
+$ cd
+
+```
+

2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/slides/shell/start.md

+# Command Line
+
+
+*  **Command prompt:** Non-editable; May provide contextual information
+*  **Command area:** Typed commands are shown here
+*  **RETURN or ENTER:** Pressing this key will execute the command
+
+* General form of the commands
+  ```shell
+  prompt$ ls
+  prompt$ ls -a
+  prompt$ ls --help
+  prompt$ rsync -avz /path/to/file/a /path/to/file/b
+  prompt$ make -j8
+  prompt$ gfortran -c -mtune=native
+  ```

2020/2020-02-15_gnuLinuxCourse/slides/the-end.md

+# The End of an Era?
+
+<iframe width="100%" height="800" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/A-HIlNGczgU?start=127" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>